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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item next-right"><a href="../guide/hibernate.html"><strong>16</strong><span>Grails and Hibernate</span> >></a></div>
                


                <div class="project">
                    <h1>15 Grails and Spring - Reference Documentation</h1>

                    <p><strong>Authors:</strong> Graeme Rocher, Peter Ledbrook, Marc Palmer, Jeff Brown, Luke Daley, Burt Beckwith</p>

                    <p><strong>Version:</strong> 2.2.1</p>

                    
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                    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
                    
                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#theUnderpinningsOfGrails"><strong>15.1</strong><span>The Underpinnings of Grails</span></a>
                    </div>
                    
                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#springdslAdditional"><strong>15.2</strong><span>Configuring Additional Beans</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#springdsl"><strong>15.3</strong><span>Runtime Spring with the Beans DSL</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#theBeanBuilderDSLExplained"><strong>15.4</strong><span>The BeanBuilder DSL Explained</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#propertyPlaceholderConfiguration"><strong>15.5</strong><span>Property Placeholder Configuration</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#propertyOverrideConfiguration"><strong>15.6</strong><span>Property Override Configuration</span></a>
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<a name="14. Grails and Spring"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h1 id="spring">15 Grails and Spring</h1>
This section is for advanced users and those who are interested in how Grails integrates with and builds on the <a href="http://www.springframework.org/." target="blank">Spring Framework</a> It is also useful for <a href="../guide/single.html#plugins" class="guide">plugin developers</a> considering doing runtime configuration Grails.


<a name="14.1 The Underpinnings of Grails"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="theUnderpinningsOfGrails">15.1 The Underpinnings of Grails</h2>
Grails is actually a <a href="http://www.springframework.org/docs/MVC-step-by-step/Spring-MVC-step-by-step.html" target="blank">Spring MVC</a> application in disguise. Spring MVC is the Spring framework's built-in MVC web application framework. Although Spring MVC suffers from some of the same difficulties as frameworks like Struts in terms of its ease of use, it is superbly designed and architected and was, for Grails, the perfect framework to build another framework on top of.<p class="paragraph"/>Grails leverages Spring MVC in the following areas:
<ul class="star">
<li>Basic controller logic - Grails subclasses Spring's <a href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/javadoc-api/org/springframework/web/servlet/DispatcherServlet.html" class="api">DispatcherServlet</a> and uses it to delegate to Grails <a href="../guide/single.html#controllers" class="guide">controllers</a></li>
<li>Data Binding and Validation - Grails' <a href="../guide/single.html#validation" class="guide">validation</a> and <a href="../guide/single.html#dataBinding" class="guide">data binding</a> capabilities are built on those provided by Spring</li>
<li>Runtime configuration - Grails' entire runtime convention based system is wired together by a Spring <a href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/javadoc-api/org/springframework/context/ApplicationContext.html" class="api">ApplicationContext</a></li>
<li>Transactions - Grails uses Spring's transaction management in <a href="../guide/single.html#GORM" class="guide">GORM</a></li>
</ul><p class="paragraph"/>In other words Grails has Spring embedded running all the way through it.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>The Grails ApplicationContext</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Spring developers are often keen to understand how the Grails <code>ApplicationContext</code> instance is constructed. The basics of it are as follows.
<ul class="star">
<li>Grails constructs a parent <code>ApplicationContext</code> from the <code>web-app/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</code> file. This <code>ApplicationContext</code> configures the <a href="../api/org/codehaus/groovy/grails/commons/GrailsApplication.html" class="api">GrailsApplication</a> instance and the <a href="../api/org/codehaus/groovy/grails/plugins/GrailsPluginManager.html" class="api">GrailsPluginManager</a>.</li>
<li>Using this <code>ApplicationContext</code> as a parent Grails' analyses the conventions with the <code>GrailsApplication</code> instance and constructs a child <code>ApplicationContext</code> that is used as the root <code>ApplicationContext</code> of the web application</li>
</ul><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Configured Spring Beans</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Most of Grails' configuration happens at runtime. Each <a href="../guide/single.html#plugins" class="guide">plugin</a> may configure Spring beans that are registered in the <code>ApplicationContext</code>. For a reference as to which beans are configured, refer to the reference guide which describes each of the Grails plugins and which beans they configure.


<a name="14.2 Configuring Additional Beans"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="springdslAdditional">15.2 Configuring Additional Beans</h2>
<h4>Using the Spring Bean DSL</h4><p class="paragraph"/>You can easily register new (or override existing) beans by configuring them in <code>grails-app/conf/spring/resources.groovy</code> which uses the Grails <a href="../guide/single.html#springdsl" class="guide">Spring DSL</a>. Beans are defined inside a <code>beans</code> property (a Closure):<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>beans = &#123;
    // beans here
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>As a simple example you can configure a bean with the following syntax:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> my.company.MyBeanImpl<p class="paragraph"/>beans = &#123;
    myBean(MyBeanImpl) &#123;
        someProperty = 42
        otherProperty = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blue"</span>
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Once configured, the bean can be auto-wired into Grails artifacts and other classes that support dependency injection (for example <code>BootStrap.groovy</code> and integration tests) by declaring a public field whose name is your bean's name (in this case <code>myBean</code>):<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class ExampleController &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>     def myBean
     &#8230;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Using the DSL has the advantage that you can mix bean declarations and logic, for example based on the <a href="../guide/single.html#environments" class="guide">environment</a>:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> grails.util.Environment
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> my.company.mock.MockImpl
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> my.company.MyBeanImpl<p class="paragraph"/>beans = &#123;
    <span class="java&#45;keyword">switch</span>(Environment.current) &#123;
        <span class="java&#45;keyword">case</span> Environment.PRODUCTION:
            myBean(MyBeanImpl) &#123;
                someProperty = 42
                otherProperty = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blue"</span>
            &#125;
            <span class="java&#45;keyword">break</span><p class="paragraph"/>        <span class="java&#45;keyword">case</span> Environment.DEVELOPMENT:
            myBean(MockImpl) &#123;
                someProperty = 42
                otherProperty = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blue"</span>
            &#125;
            <span class="java&#45;keyword">break</span>
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>The <code>GrailsApplication</code> object can be accessed with the <code>application</code> variable and can be used to access the Grails configuration (amongst other things):<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> grails.util.Environment
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> my.company.mock.MockImpl
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> my.company.MyBeanImpl<p class="paragraph"/>beans = &#123;
    <span class="java&#45;keyword">if</span> (application.config.my.company.mockService) &#123;
        myBean(MockImpl) &#123;
            someProperty = 42
            otherProperty = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blue"</span>
        &#125;
    &#125; <span class="java&#45;keyword">else</span> &#123;
        myBean(MyBeanImpl) &#123;
            someProperty = 42
            otherProperty = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blue"</span>
        &#125;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><blockquote class="note">
If you define a bean in <code>resources.groovy</code> with the same name as one previously registered by Grails or an installed plugin, your bean will replace the previous registration. This is a convenient way to customize behavior without resorting to editing plugin code or other approaches that would affect maintainability.
</blockquote><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Using XML</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Beans can also be configured using a <code>grails-app/conf/spring/resources.xml</code>. In earlier versions of Grails this file was automatically generated for you by the <code>run-app</code> script, but the DSL in <code>resources.groovy</code> is the preferred approach now so it isn't automatically generated now. But it is still supported - you just need to create it yourself.<p class="paragraph"/>This file is typical Spring XML file and the Spring documentation has an <a href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/spring-framework-reference/html/beans.html#beans-basics" target="blank">excellent reference</a> on how to configure Spring beans.<p class="paragraph"/>The <code>myBean</code> bean that we configured using the DSL would be configured with this syntax in the XML file:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;bean id=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"myBean"</span> class=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"my.company.MyBeanImpl"</span>&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"someProperty"</span> value=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"42"</span> /&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"otherProperty"</span> value=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"blue"</span> /&#62;</span>
<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/bean&#62;</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Like the other bean it can be auto-wired into any class that supports dependency injection:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class ExampleController &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>     def myBean
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Referencing Existing Beans</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Beans declared in <code>resources.groovy</code> or <code>resources.xml</code> can reference other beans by convention. For example if you had a <code>BookService</code> class its Spring bean name would be <code>bookService</code>, so your bean would reference it like this in the DSL:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>beans = &#123;
    myBean(MyBeanImpl) &#123;
        someProperty = 42
        otherProperty = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blue"</span>
        bookService = ref(<span class="java&#45;quote">"bookService"</span>)
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>or like this in XML:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;bean id=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"myBean"</span> class=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"my.company.MyBeanImpl"</span>&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"someProperty"</span> value=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"42"</span> /&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"otherProperty"</span> value=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"blue"</span> /&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"bookService"</span> ref=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"bookService"</span> /&#62;</span>
<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/bean&#62;</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>The bean needs a public setter for the bean reference (and also the two simple properties), which in Groovy would be defined like this:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">package</span> my.company<p class="paragraph"/>class MyBeanImpl &#123;
    <span class="java&#45;object">Integer</span> someProperty
    <span class="java&#45;object">String</span> otherProperty
    BookService bookService // or just <span class="java&#45;quote">"def bookService"</span>
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>or in Java like this:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">package</span> my.company;<p class="paragraph"/>class MyBeanImpl &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;keyword">private</span> BookService bookService;
    <span class="java&#45;keyword">private</span> <span class="java&#45;object">Integer</span> someProperty;
    <span class="java&#45;keyword">private</span> <span class="java&#45;object">String</span> otherProperty;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;keyword">public</span> void setBookService(BookService theBookService) &#123;
        <span class="java&#45;keyword">this</span>.bookService = theBookService;
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;keyword">public</span> void setSomeProperty(<span class="java&#45;object">Integer</span> someProperty) &#123;
        <span class="java&#45;keyword">this</span>.someProperty = someProperty;
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;keyword">public</span> void setOtherProperty(<span class="java&#45;object">String</span> otherProperty) &#123;
        <span class="java&#45;keyword">this</span>.otherProperty = otherProperty;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Using <code>ref</code> (in XML or the DSL) is very powerful since it configures a runtime reference, so the referenced bean doesn't have to exist yet. As long as it's in place when the final application context configuration occurs, everything will be resolved correctly.<p class="paragraph"/>For a full reference of the available beans see the plugin reference in the reference guide.


<a name="14.3 Runtime Spring with the Beans DSL"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="springdsl">15.3 Runtime Spring with the Beans DSL</h2>
This Bean builder in Grails aims to provide a simplified way of wiring together dependencies that uses Spring at its core.<p class="paragraph"/>In addition, Spring's regular way of configuration (via XML and annotations) is static and difficult to modify and configure at runtime, other than programmatic XML creation which is both error prone and verbose. Grails' <a href="../api/grails/spring/BeanBuilder.html" class="api">BeanBuilder</a> changes all that by making it possible to programmatically wire together components at runtime, allowing you to adapt the logic based on system properties or environment variables.<p class="paragraph"/>This enables the code to adapt to its environment and avoids unnecessary duplication of code (having different Spring configs for test, development and production environments)<p class="paragraph"/><h4>The BeanBuilder class</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails provides a <a href="../api/grails/spring/BeanBuilder.html" class="api">grails.spring.BeanBuilder</a> class that uses dynamic Groovy to construct bean definitions. The basics are as follows:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> org.codehaus.groovy.grails.orm.hibernate.ConfigurableLocalSessionFactoryBean
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> grails.spring.BeanBuilder<p class="paragraph"/>def bb = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> BeanBuilder()<p class="paragraph"/>bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    dataSource(BasicDataSource) &#123;
        driverClassName = <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.h2.Driver"</span>
        url = <span class="java&#45;quote">"jdbc:h2:mem:grailsDB"</span>
        username = <span class="java&#45;quote">"sa"</span>
        password = <span class="java&#45;quote">""</span>
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    sessionFactory(ConfigurableLocalSessionFactoryBean) &#123;
        dataSource = ref('dataSource')
        hibernateProperties = &#91;<span class="java&#45;quote">"hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto"</span>: <span class="java&#45;quote">"create&#45;drop"</span>,
                               <span class="java&#45;quote">"hibernate.show_sql"</span>:     <span class="java&#45;quote">"<span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>"</span>&#93;
    &#125;
&#125;<p class="paragraph"/>ApplicationContext appContext = bb.createApplicationContext()</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><blockquote class="note">
Within <a href="../guide/single.html#plugins" class="guide">plugins</a> and the <a href="../guide/single.html#springdslAdditional" class="guide">grails-app/conf/spring/resources.groovy</a> file you don't need to create a new instance of <code>BeanBuilder</code>. Instead the DSL is implicitly available inside the <code>doWithSpring</code> and <code>beans</code> blocks respectively.
</blockquote><p class="paragraph"/>This example shows how you would configure Hibernate with a data source with the <code>BeanBuilder</code> class.<p class="paragraph"/>Each method call (in this case <code>dataSource</code> and <code>sessionFactory</code> calls) maps to the name of the bean in Spring. The first argument to the method is the bean's class, whilst the last argument is a block. Within the body of the block you can set properties on the bean using standard Groovy syntax.<p class="paragraph"/>Bean references are resolved automatically using the name of the bean. This can be seen in the example above with the way the <code>sessionFactory</code> bean resolves the <code>dataSource</code> reference.<p class="paragraph"/>Certain special properties related to bean management can also be set by the builder, as seen in the following code:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>sessionFactory(ConfigurableLocalSessionFactoryBean) &#123; bean &#45;&#62;
    // Autowiring behaviour. The other option is 'byType'. &#91;autowire&#93;
    bean.autowire = 'byName'
    // Sets the initialisation method to 'init'. &#91;init&#45;method&#93;
    bean.initMethod = 'init'
    // Sets the destruction method to 'destroy'. &#91;destroy&#45;method&#93;
    bean.destroyMethod = 'destroy'
    // Sets the scope of the bean. &#91;scope&#93;
    bean.scope = 'request'
    dataSource = ref('dataSource')
    hibernateProperties = &#91;<span class="java&#45;quote">"hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto"</span>: <span class="java&#45;quote">"create&#45;drop"</span>,
                           <span class="java&#45;quote">"hibernate.show_sql"</span>:     <span class="java&#45;quote">"<span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>"</span>&#93;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>The strings in square brackets are the names of the equivalent bean attributes in Spring's XML definition.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Using BeanBuilder with Spring MVC</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Include the <code>grails-spring-&#60;version&#62;.jar</code> file in your classpath to use BeanBuilder in a regular Spring MVC application. Then add the following <code>&#60;context-param&#62;</code> values to your <code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code> file:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;context&#45;param&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;param&#45;name&#62;</span>contextConfigLocation<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/param&#45;name&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;param&#45;value&#62;</span>/WEB&#45;INF/applicationContext.groovy<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/param&#45;value&#62;</span>
<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/context&#45;param&#62;</span><p class="paragraph"/><span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;context&#45;param&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;param&#45;name&#62;</span>contextClass<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/param&#45;name&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;param&#45;value&#62;</span>
      org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/param&#45;value&#62;</span>
<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/context&#45;param&#62;</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Then create a <code>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.groovy</code> file that does the rest:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource<p class="paragraph"/>beans &#123;
    dataSource(BasicDataSource) &#123;
        driverClassName = <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.h2.Driver"</span>
        url = <span class="java&#45;quote">"jdbc:h2:mem:grailsDB"</span>
        username = <span class="java&#45;quote">"sa"</span>
        password = <span class="java&#45;quote">""</span>
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Loading Bean Definitions from the File System</h4><p class="paragraph"/>You can use the <code>BeanBuilder</code> class to load external Groovy scripts that define beans using the same path matching syntax defined here. For example:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>def bb = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> BeanBuilder()
bb.loadBeans(<span class="java&#45;quote">"classpath:&#42;SpringBeans.groovy"</span>)<p class="paragraph"/>def applicationContext = bb.createApplicationContext()</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Here the <code>BeanBuilder</code> loads all Groovy files on the classpath ending with <code>SpringBeans.groovy</code> and parses them into bean definitions. An example script can be seen below:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource
<span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> org.codehaus.groovy.grails.orm.hibernate.ConfigurableLocalSessionFactoryBean<p class="paragraph"/>beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    dataSource(BasicDataSource) &#123;
        driverClassName = <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.h2.Driver"</span>
        url = <span class="java&#45;quote">"jdbc:h2:mem:grailsDB"</span>
        username = <span class="java&#45;quote">"sa"</span>
        password = <span class="java&#45;quote">""</span>
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    sessionFactory(ConfigurableLocalSessionFactoryBean) &#123;
        dataSource = dataSource
        hibernateProperties = &#91;<span class="java&#45;quote">"hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto"</span>: <span class="java&#45;quote">"create&#45;drop"</span>,
                               <span class="java&#45;quote">"hibernate.show_sql"</span>:     <span class="java&#45;quote">"<span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>"</span>&#93;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Adding Variables to the Binding (Context)</h4><p class="paragraph"/>If you're loading beans from a script you can set the binding to use by creating a Groovy <code>Binding</code>:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>def binding = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> Binding()
binding.maxSize = 10000
binding.productGroup = 'finance'<p class="paragraph"/>def bb = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> BeanBuilder()
bb.binding = binding
bb.loadBeans(<span class="java&#45;quote">"classpath:&#42;SpringBeans.groovy"</span>)<p class="paragraph"/>def ctx = bb.createApplicationContext()</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Then you can access the <code>maxSize</code> and <code>productGroup</code> properties in your DSL files.


<a name="14.4 The BeanBuilder DSL Explained"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="theBeanBuilderDSLExplained">15.4 The BeanBuilder DSL Explained</h2>
<h4>Using Constructor Arguments</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Constructor arguments can be defined using parameters to each bean-defining method. Put them after the first argument (the Class):
<div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;
    exampleBean(MyExampleBean, <span class="java&#45;quote">"firstArgument"</span>, 2) &#123;
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>This configuration corresponds to a <code>MyExampleBean</code> with a constructor that looks like this:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>MyExampleBean(<span class="java&#45;object">String</span> foo, <span class="java&#45;object">int</span> bar) &#123;
   &#8230;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Configuring the BeanDefinition (Using factory methods)</h4><p class="paragraph"/>The first argument to the closure is a reference to the bean configuration instance, which you can use to configure factory methods and invoke any method on the <a href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/javadoc-api/org/springframework/beans/factory/support/AbstractBeanDefinition.html" class="api">AbstractBeanDefinition</a> class:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;
    exampleBean(MyExampleBean) &#123; bean &#45;&#62;
        bean.factoryMethod = <span class="java&#45;quote">"getInstance"</span>
        bean.singleton = <span class="java&#45;keyword">false</span>
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>As an alternative you can also use the return value of the bean defining method to configure the bean:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;
    def example = exampleBean(MyExampleBean) &#123;
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;
    example.factoryMethod = <span class="java&#45;quote">"getInstance"</span>
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Using Factory beans</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Spring defines the concept of factory beans and often a bean is created not directly from a new instance of a Class, but from one of these factories. In this case the bean has no Class argument and instead you must pass the name of the factory bean to the bean defining method:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    myFactory(ExampleFactoryBean) &#123;
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    myBean(myFactory) &#123;
        name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blah"</span>
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Another common approach is provide the name of the factory method to call on the factory bean. This can be done using Groovy's named parameter syntax:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    myFactory(ExampleFactoryBean) &#123;
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    myBean(myFactory: <span class="java&#45;quote">"getInstance"</span>) &#123;
        name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"blah"</span>
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Here the <code>getInstance</code> method on the <code>ExampleFactoryBean</code> bean will be called to create the <code>myBean</code> bean.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Creating Bean References at Runtime</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Sometimes you don't know the name of the bean to be created until runtime. In this case you can use a string interpolation to invoke a bean defining method dynamically:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>def beanName = <span class="java&#45;quote">"example"</span>
bb.beans &#123;
    <span class="java&#45;quote">"$&#123;beanName&#125;Bean"</span>(MyExampleBean) &#123;
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>In this case the <code>beanName</code> variable defined earlier is used when invoking a bean defining method. The example has a hard-coded value but would work just as well with a name that is generated programmatically based on configuration, system properties, etc.<p class="paragraph"/>Furthermore, because sometimes bean names are not known until runtime you may need to reference them by name when wiring together other beans, in this case using the <code>ref</code> method:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>def beanName = <span class="java&#45;quote">"example"</span>
bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;quote">"$&#123;beanName&#125;Bean"</span>(MyExampleBean) &#123;
        someProperty = &#91;1, 2, 3&#93;
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    anotherBean(AnotherBean) &#123;
        example = ref(<span class="java&#45;quote">"$&#123;beanName&#125;Bean"</span>)
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Here the example property of <code>AnotherBean</code> is set using a runtime reference to the <code>exampleBean</code>. The <code>ref</code> method can also be used to refer to beans from a parent <code>ApplicationContext</code> that is provided in the constructor of the <code>BeanBuilder</code>:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>ApplicationContext parent = ...//
der bb = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> BeanBuilder(parent)
bb.beans &#123;
    anotherBean(AnotherBean) &#123;
        example = ref(<span class="java&#45;quote">"$&#123;beanName&#125;Bean"</span>, <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>)
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Here the second parameter <code>true</code> specifies that the reference will look for the bean in the parent context.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Using Anonymous (Inner) Beans</h4><p class="paragraph"/>You can use anonymous inner beans by setting a property of the bean to a block that takes an argument that is the bean type:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    marge(Person) &#123;
        name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Marge"</span>
        husband = &#123; Person p &#45;&#62;
            name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Homer"</span>
            age = 45
            props = &#91;overweight: <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>, height: <span class="java&#45;quote">"1.8m"</span>&#93;
        &#125;
        children = &#91;bart, lisa&#93;
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    bart(Person) &#123;
        name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Bart"</span>
        age = 11
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    lisa(Person) &#123;
        name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Lisa"</span>
        age = 9
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>In the above example we set the <code>marge</code> bean's husband property to a block that creates an inner bean reference. Alternatively if you have a factory bean you can omit the type and just use the specified bean definition instead to setup the factory:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    personFactory(PersonFactory)<p class="paragraph"/>    marge(Person) &#123;
        name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Marge"</span>
        husband = &#123; bean &#45;&#62;
            bean.factoryBean = <span class="java&#45;quote">"personFactory"</span>
            bean.factoryMethod = <span class="java&#45;quote">"newInstance"</span>
            name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Homer"</span>
            age = 45
            props = &#91;overweight: <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>, height: <span class="java&#45;quote">"1.8m"</span>&#93;
        &#125;
        children = &#91;bart, lisa&#93;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><h4>Abstract Beans and Parent Bean Definitions</h4><p class="paragraph"/>To create an abstract bean definition define a bean without a <code>Class</code> parameter:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class HolyGrailQuest &#123;
    def start() &#123; println <span class="java&#45;quote">"lets begin"</span> &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class KnightOfTheRoundTable &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;object">String</span> name
    <span class="java&#45;object">String</span> leader
    HolyGrailQuest quest<p class="paragraph"/>    KnightOfTheRoundTable(<span class="java&#45;object">String</span> name) &#123;
        <span class="java&#45;keyword">this</span>.name = name
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    def embarkOnQuest() &#123;
        quest.start()
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> grails.spring.BeanBuilder<p class="paragraph"/>def bb = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> BeanBuilder()
bb.beans &#123;
    abstractBean &#123;
        leader = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Lancelot"</span>
    &#125;
    &#8230;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Here we define an abstract bean that has a <code>leader</code> property with the value of <code>"Lancelot"</code>. To use the abstract bean set it as the parent of the child bean:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>bb.beans &#123;
    &#8230;
    quest(HolyGrailQuest)<p class="paragraph"/>    knights(KnightOfTheRoundTable, <span class="java&#45;quote">"Camelot"</span>) &#123; bean &#45;&#62;
        bean.parent = abstractBean
        quest = ref('quest')
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><blockquote class="note">
When using a parent bean you must set the parent property of the bean before setting any other properties on the bean!
</blockquote><p class="paragraph"/>If you want an abstract bean that has a <code>Class</code> specified you can do it this way:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="java&#45;keyword">import</span> grails.spring.BeanBuilder<p class="paragraph"/>def bb = <span class="java&#45;keyword">new</span> BeanBuilder()
bb.beans &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    abstractBean(KnightOfTheRoundTable) &#123; bean &#45;&#62;
        bean.'<span class="java&#45;keyword">abstract</span>' = <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>
        leader = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Lancelot"</span>
    &#125;<p class="paragraph"/>    quest(HolyGrailQuest)<p class="paragraph"/>    knights(<span class="java&#45;quote">"Camelot"</span>) &#123; bean &#45;&#62;
        bean.parent = abstractBean
        quest = quest
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>In this example we create an abstract bean of type <code>KnightOfTheRoundTable</code> and use the bean argument to set it to abstract. Later we define a knights bean that has no <code>Class</code> defined, but inherits the <code>Class</code> from the parent bean.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Using Spring Namespaces</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Since Spring 2.0, users of Spring have had easier access to key features via XML namespaces. You can use a Spring namespace in BeanBuilder by declaring it with this syntax:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>xmlns context:<span class="java&#45;quote">"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>and then invoking a method that matches the names of the Spring namespace tag and its associated attributes:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>context.'component&#45;scan'('base&#45;<span class="java&#45;keyword">package</span>': <span class="java&#45;quote">"my.company.domain"</span>)</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>You can do some useful things with Spring namespaces, such as looking up a JNDI resource:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>xmlns jee:<span class="java&#45;quote">"http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"</span><p class="paragraph"/>jee.'jndi&#45;lookup'(id: <span class="java&#45;quote">"dataSource"</span>, 'jndi&#45;name': <span class="java&#45;quote">"java:comp/env/myDataSource"</span>)</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>This example will create a Spring bean with the identifier <code>dataSource</code> by performing a JNDI lookup on the given JNDI name. With Spring namespaces you also get full access to all of the powerful AOP support in Spring from BeanBuilder. For example given these two classes:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class Person &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    <span class="java&#45;object">int</span> age
    <span class="java&#45;object">String</span> name<p class="paragraph"/>    void birthday() &#123;
        ++age;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class BirthdayCardSender &#123;<p class="paragraph"/>    List peopleSentCards = &#91;&#93;<p class="paragraph"/>    void onBirthday(Person person) &#123;
        peopleSentCards &#60;&#60; person
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>You can define an aspect that uses a pointcut to detect whenever the <code>birthday()</code> method is called:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>xmlns aop:<span class="java&#45;quote">"http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"</span><p class="paragraph"/>fred(Person) &#123;
    name = <span class="java&#45;quote">"Fred"</span>
    age = 45
&#125;<p class="paragraph"/>birthdayCardSenderAspect(BirthdayCardSender)<p class="paragraph"/>aop &#123;
    config(<span class="java&#45;quote">"proxy&#45;target&#45;class"</span>: <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span>) &#123;
        aspect(id: <span class="java&#45;quote">"sendBirthdayCard"</span>, ref: <span class="java&#45;quote">"birthdayCardSenderAspect"</span>) &#123;
            after method: <span class="java&#45;quote">"onBirthday"</span>,
            pointcut: <span class="java&#45;quote">"execution(void ..Person.birthday()) and <span class="java&#45;keyword">this</span>(person)"</span>
        &#125;
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div>


<a name="14.5 Property Placeholder Configuration"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="propertyPlaceholderConfiguration">15.5 Property Placeholder Configuration</h2>
Grails supports the notion of property placeholder configuration through an extended version of Spring's <a href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/javadoc-api/org/springframework/beans/factory/config/PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer.html" class="api">PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer</a>, which is typically useful in combination with <a href="../guide/single.html#configExternalized" class="guide">externalized configuration</a>.<p class="paragraph"/>Settings defined in either <a href="http://groovy.codehaus.org/ConfigSlurper" target="blank">ConfigSlurper</a> scripts or Java properties files can be used as placeholder values for Spring configuration in <code>grails-app/conf/spring/resources.xml</code> and <code>grails-app/conf/spring/resources.groovy</code>. For example given the following entries in <code>grails-app/conf/Config.groovy</code> (or an externalized config):<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>database.driver=<span class="java&#45;quote">"com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"</span>
database.dbname=<span class="java&#45;quote">"mysql:mydb"</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>You can then specify placeholders in <code>resources.xml</code> as follows using the familiar ${..} syntax:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre><span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;bean id=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"dataSource"</span>
      class=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"</span>&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"driverClassName"</span>&#62;</span>
        <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;value&#62;</span>$&#123;database.driver&#125;<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/value&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/property&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;property name=<span class="xml&#45;quote">"url"</span>&#62;</span>
        <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;value&#62;</span>jdbc:$&#123;database.dbname&#125;<span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/value&#62;</span>
    <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/property&#62;</span>
 <span class="xml&#45;tag">&#60;/bean&#62;</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>To specify placeholders in <code>resources.groovy</code> you need to use single quotes:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>dataSource(org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource) &#123;
    driverClassName = '$&#123;database.driver&#125;'
    url = 'jdbc:$&#123;database.dbname&#125;'
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>This sets the property value to a literal string which is later resolved against the config by Spring's PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer.<p class="paragraph"/>A better option for <code>resources.groovy</code> is to access properties through the <code>grailsApplication</code> variable:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>dataSource(org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource) &#123;
    driverClassName = grailsApplication.config.database.driver
    url = <span class="java&#45;quote">"jdbc&#58;$&#123;grailsApplication.config.database.dbname&#125;"</span>
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Using this approach will keep the types as defined in your config.

<a name="14.6 Property Override Configuration"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="propertyOverrideConfiguration">15.6 Property Override Configuration</h2>
Grails supports setting of bean properties via <a href="../guide/single.html#conf" class="guide">configuration</a>. This is often useful when used in combination with <a href="../guide/single.html#configExternalized" class="guide">externalized configuration</a>.<p class="paragraph"/>You define a <code>beans</code> block with the names of beans and their values:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>beans &#123;
    bookService &#123;
        webServiceURL = <span class="java&#45;quote">"http://www.amazon.com"</span>
    &#125;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>The general format is:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>&#91;bean name&#93;.&#91;property name&#93; = &#91;value&#93;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>The same configuration in a Java properties file would be:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>beans.bookService.webServiceURL=http://www.amazon.com</pre></div>


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